Colombia's Misery:

This is a stunningly long list of people held hostage in 2003 by Colombia's FARC guerrillas. It does not count those already kidnapped and released, or those murdered while in captivity. A few childhood friends of mine would figure on the latter.

The FARC is a military wing of Colombia's communist movement, and is classified by most of the West as a terrorist group. Predictably, Cuba and Venezuela have hailed them as legitimate freedom fighters.

This is only a list for ONE of the many political groups that operate in Colombia and raise funds by kidnapping. It is even more sobering to realize that this does not even begin to represent the misery of the thousands more families that fall victim to the much more pervasive criminal activity that engages in this singularly cruel practice. Our family has already agreed that we will not ever pay these animals, and we have arranged for specific goodbyes. Cruel but pragmatic.


A
• Acevedo Raigosa Juan Diego
• Acosta Gabriel
• Acosta Albeiro
• Acosta Gloria Esperanza
• Acosta Alvaro
• Acosta Charrys Cesar Augusto
• Acosta Galeano Jorge Alonso
• Acosta Gutierrez Alberto
• Acosta Lopez Olman Rodelo
• Acosta Silva Wilder
• Acuña Sanabria David Enrique
• Afanador Ayala Jorge Enrique
• Agámez Pacheco Darío
• Agredo Guesia Hernando
• Agudelo Duvan Alejandro
• Agudelo Gonzalo
• Agudelo Gina Katerine
• Agudelo Arbeláez Ignacio
• Agudelo Arenas Miguel Angel
• Agudelo Gonzalez Samael Arfhayl
• Agudelo Henao Carlos Andrés
• Agudelo Hoyos Alexander
• Agudelo Hoyos Luz Eugenia
• Agudelo Preciado Andres Felipe
• Aguilar Jurado Luis
• Aguilera Juan David
• Aguilera Agudelo Hernan
• Akil Ali (Lebanese)
• Alba Rupertino
• Albarracín William
• Albornoz Brito Lilián Estela
• Alcala Zabaleta Euclides
• Alfonso Rodriguez Claudia Milena
• Altafulla Atehortua Edwin
• Alvarado Sergio Alfonso
• Alvarado Cespedes Natalie
• Alvarez Anselmo Belisario
• Alvarez Bolaño Ruprecht
• Alvarez De Rocha Isabel
• Alvarez Gardeazabal Carlos Fernando
• Alvarez Olivera Fredy
• Alvarez Rodriguez Hector
• Alvarez Rodriguez Luis Miguel
• Alvarez Rojas Yesid Gustavo
• Alzate Flor Maria
• Alzate Cano Norman Rodolfo
• Alzate Yepes Saulo
• Amador Tapias Diezmar Alonso
• Amador Jose Yesid
• Amaya Luis
• Amaya Silva Luis Mario
• Anaya Leon Melkis
• Andrade Leonardo
• Andrade Falla Juan Pablo
• Angarita Landinez Mesias
• Angarita Meneses Javier Eduardo
• Angarita Montealegre Jorge Enrique
• Angarita Peña Julian Andres
• Angel Dario
• Angulo Gerardo
• Angulo Jimenez Javier
• Angulo Navia John Edgar
• Anichiarico Barros Luis Lorenzo
• Aranda Esquivel José Manuel
• Arandia Valentín Gerardo Alberto
• Arango Juan José
• Arango Mario
• Arango Escobar Juan José
• Arango Maya Delio
• Arango Mora Carlos Mario
• Arango Tabares Jose Uriel
• Araujo Cook Mario
• Aray Suárez edgar A
• Arbeláez Arbláez Ruben Dario
• Arbelaez Castaño Rodrigo De Jesús
• Arce Luis Arturo
• Arciniegas Cacua Abdon
• Arciniegas De Arenas Amalia
• Arcos Guerrero Alvaro Iginio
• Ardila Luis Francisco
• Ardila Becerra Carlos
• Ardila Gonzalez Alfonso Elias
• Ardila Luengas Alirio José
• Ardila Madina Jairo Alexander
• Arellano Macias Hermel
• Arenas Luis Delio
• Arenas Luis Alberto
• Arévalo Luis José
• Arias Isidro
• Arias Garcia Medardo
• Arias Rojas Roberto
• Arias Suarez Misael
• Arias Tabares Lina Yisela
• Aristizabal Betancour Jaime
• Aristizabal Quintero Eulalia
• Aristizábal David Mauricio
• Ariza Pérez Clodomiro
• Arizmendy Héctor Fabio
• Arrazola Ospina Olga Beatriz
• Arredondo Martinez Fadul Alberto
• Arredondo Urrego Lisimaco
• Arredondo Urrego Isidro
• Arregoces Nelson
• Arrellano Macias Hermel
• Arriaga Marcelina (Ecuadorean)
• Arroyave Restrepo Abigail
• Arteaga José Miguel
• Ascanio Carlos Andres
• Assis Montoya Yaser De Jesus
• Astaiza Julio
• Astaiza Sanchez Julian
• Atehortua Rios Ramiro Antonio
• Atencio Navarro Angel David
• Atzmon Ran
• Aubenas Florence
• Avellaneda Miryam
• Avendaño Rafael
• Avila Nieto Climaco Ernesto
• Avila Rios William
• Avila Torres Felix
• Ayala De Nart Andrés
• Ayala Galvis Gilma
• Ayala Montoya Raúl
• Abarro Melo Carlos Alberto
• Abondano Fernando
• Abondano Cazzareli Fernando (Italian)
• Abregú Daniel Alejandro
• Abril Jhon
• Acalo Tenorio Ananias
• Acevedo Camilo
• Acevedo De Acevedo Carolina
• Acevedo Granados Ernesto
• Acevedo Jaramillo Ovidio De Jesús

B
• Baldovino Guerrero Martin
• Ballesteros Miguel Fernando
• Ballesteros Sierra Hermes
• Baquero Jorge
• Baquero José Edgar
• Barbosa Carlos
• Barbosa Luis Eduardo
• Barragán López Carlos Alberto
• Barrera Luz Marina
• Barrera Alvares Janeth
• Barrera Moreno Luis Alfonso
• Barreto Acuña Eder
• Barrios Fabián Farid
• Barrios Antonio Rumbo
• Barrios Guzmán Isaac Manuel
• Barrios Hernandez Rafael
• Barros Pedro
• Bastidas Mauricio
• Bastidasibarraibarra Hector Edmundo
• Bautista Peña Edgar
• Bautista Rincon William
• Bayona Hernando
• Bayona Camacho Alexander
• Beaine Hernandez Carlos Arturo
• Becerra Eliécer
• Bedoya Luis Eduardo
• Bedoya Margarita
• Bedoya Giraldo Angel De Jesús
• Bedoya Grajales Adriana Maria
• Bejarano Bonilla Carlos Alberto
• Bello Gauta Carlos Orlando
• Bello Silgado Luis Eduardo
• Belluscio Pablo Martín
• Beltran Carlos
• Beltran Miguel Antonio
• Beltrán Burbano Carlos Andrés
• Beltrán Cuéllar Orlando
• Beltran Franco Luis Alfonso
• Beltran Giron Efrain
• Beltran Pacheco Julio Ernesto
• Benavides Lucero Eva Sandy
• Benjumea Loaiza Luis Arbeiro
• Bermeo Covaleda Juan Carlos
• Bermudez Arboleda Einer
• Bermudez Carlos Augusto
• Bernal José
• Bernal Narciso
• Bernal Lopez Edwin Libardo
• Berrio Torres Juan Manuel
• Berrocal López José
• Betancourt Javier
• Betancourt Pulecio Ingrid
• Betancourt Restrepo Orlando De Jesús
• Betin Bedoya Rodrigo Manuel
• Blanco Abril Benjamin
• Blandón Javier
• Boada Alvarado Carlos Guillermo
• Bohorquez Rodriguez Vianny
• Bolaños Cuello Elisa Dolores
• Bolaños Lozano Carlos
• Bonilla Enrique
• Bonilla Juan Guillermo
• Bonilla Gomez Pablo Enrique
• Bonilla Vallejo Luis Enrique
• Borrero Luis Fernando
• Borssotti Santiago (Italian)
• Botello Ojeda Danilo
• Botero Botero Francisco
• Botero Botero Fabio
• Botero Garcia Natalia
• Botero Hoyos Marco Tulio
• Botero Mejia Antonio Maria
• Botero Patiño Guillermo Leon
• Bravo De Chacon Nohemi
• Brugnani Claudio
• Buckley John (British)
• Bueno Jovany
• Bueno Arevalo Parmenio
• Buitrago Ramiro
• Buitrago Cuesta Julio César
• Buitrago Tellez Siervo Antonio
• Bula Agamez José Domingo
• Burgos De Castillo Maribel
• Bustos Díaz Hernán

C
• Cabal Orjuela Clara Ines
• Cabana Fonseca César
• Cabrera Maria Agustina
• Cabrera Roger
• Cabrera Monje Juan De Jesus
• Cáceres Fuentes Oscar Orlando
• Cachay Alexander
• Cadena Lozada Narciso
• Caicedo Henao Juan Alberto
• Caicedo Muñoz Gustavo
• Caicedo Portura Leonardo
• Caicedo Ulloa Carlos Eduardo
• Cala Amaya Maria Teresa
• Caldas Carvajal José Anselmo
• Calderon Pantoja Alfonso
• Calderón Rangel Raúl
• Calderon Rodriguez Yanira
• Calderon Suarez Ana Marcela
• Calle Oscar
• Calle Betancourt Francisco Armando
• Calvo Guillermo Leon
• Calvo Antonio
• Calvo Rigo Alberto
• Calvo Quintero Miryam De Jesús
• Camacho Manuel
• Camacho Jairo Jesús
• Camacho Canasteros José Ruben
• Camacho Chacon Henry
• Camargo Rey Sergio
• Camargo Torres Luis Alberto
• Camargo Vasquez Leonel
• Camelo Sanchez Jose
• Camero Galvis Luis Alfredo
• Campo Pinedo Portho David
• Campos José
• Canal Pésico Gonzalo
• Cañaveral Osorio Claudia Yaneth
• Cano Figueroa Juan Carlos
• Cano Quiroz Adriana Maria
• Cano Zapata Jhonny Alexander
• Cantillo Sandra Ester
• Cantillo González Emil
• Cantillo Sánchez Emil
• Cantor José Luis
• Caraballo Cantillo Martha Elena
• Cardenas Omar Ovidio
• Cárdenas Gerlein Guillermo
• Cardona Jorge Iván
• Cardona Julia
• Cardona Arenas Guillermo
• Cardona Caldera Carlos
• Cardona Hernandez Faiber
• Cardona Maya Jorge Arturo
• Cardona Trujillo Cesar
• Cardozo Vasquez Henry Leonardo
• Carmen Ruiz Maria Lucelly
• Carmona Hernando
• Carmona Osorio Miguel Angel
• Caro Hernan
• Caro Luis Fernando
• Carrascal Rangel Jorge
• Carreño Saulo
• Carreño Gilberto
• Carreño Peña Rafael Alberto
• Carrillo Helbes Sergio Andres
• Carvajal Gabriel
• Carvajal Arteaga José Emilio
• Carvajal Franco Jose Jaime
• Carvajalino Chago Israel
• Casallas Torres Omar Giovanny
• Casas Joaquin
• Casas Rodríguez Camilo Alejandro
• Castañeda Carmenza
• Castañeda Enciso Manuel
• Castañeda Quiroz Balmoris Alberto
• Castañeda Vergara Javier De Jesús
• Castaño Orlando
• Castaño Montiel Giovany
• Castellanos De Figueroa Teresa
• Castilla Cleodomiro
• Castillo Francy Rocio
• Castillo Carlos Alberto
• Castillo Jaime Alberto
• Castillo Ana Milena
• Castillo Arredondo Julio Cesar
• Castillo Bustamante Jesús Enrique
• Castillo Charris Noraldo José
• Castillo Gallego Gloria Enith
• Castillo Montenegro Miyer Alexander
• Castillo Polo Jaime Luis
• Castillo Sánchez Nicolás
• Castillo Vergara Francia Margarita
• Castrillon Andres
• Castrillon Garcia Wilmer
• Castro Everardo (Mexican)
• Castro Ascanio Albeiro
• Castro Conrado Alfredo Rafeel
• Castro Lopez Nestor Alberto
• Castro Lopez Deiber Stiven
• Castro Mafla Nelson
• Castro Mafla Miller
• Castro Patiño Manuel Alejandro
• Cayewya Leila
• Ceballos Yezid
• Ceballos Sierra Rafael Ricardo
• Cediel Herrera José Olvein
• Celedon Julio Habib
• Celis José
• Celis Gutierrez Jose Joaquin
• Cepeda Erick
• Cespedes Garcia José Orlando
• Chacon Bravo Luis Roberto
• Chacón Bravo Ligia Fanny
• Chamorro Jairo
• Chaparro Naranjo Luis Hernan
• Charris Hugo Gilberto
• Charris Figueroa José Del Carmen
• Charris Figueroa Omar Andres
• Charry Carlos Alberto
• Charrys Rodriguez Cesar Augusto
• Chavarro Alfaro Ever
• Chaverra Junca Jimmy
• Chavez Bonilla Luis Alberto
• Chavez Hurtado Luz Amparo
• Chavita Burgos Lino
• Chimigui Higuildo
• Chinchilla Alvarez Luis Fernando
• Chinchilla Munar Jorge Alberto
• Chisco Jaime Humberto
• Chisco Espinosa Jaime Humberto
• Chitiva Prieto Jesus Antonio
• Chivata Fonseca Samuel
• Cifuentes Juan Ignacio
• Cifuentes Rodriguez Hector Gonzalo
• Cifuentes Rodriguez German
• Claro Arévalo Neftalí
• Claros Pinzón Roberto
• Clavijo Gasca Marlon Andres
• Cobaleda Oscar
• Cobaleda Jairo
• Collazos Jorge Ricardo
• Colorado Cadavid Jaime Luis
• Conrado Bolívar Ostuardo
• Contreras Florez Pascual
• Contreras Hernandez Jairo
• Contreras Rojas Beyer Antonio
• Coral Parra Richard Anderson
• Córdoba Daniel Isidoro
• Cordoba Alvarez Marien Del Pilar
• Cordoba Iles Paulino
• Cordón Herrera Reynaldo
• Cordón Herrera Guillermo
• Coronado De Lopez Doris
• Corrales Castro Francia Helena
• Corrales Cuadrados Deivis José
• Correa Marco Antonio
• Correa Oscar
• Correa Alejandro
• Correa Tamayo Tamayo Astrid Veronica
• Correa Arteaga Guillermo Leon
• Correa Maldonado Ovidio
• Correa Tamayo Laura Cristina
• Correa Tamayo Angie Caterine
• Correa Velásquez Luz Dary
• Corredor Pedro
• Cortes Acero Pedro Hernan
• Cortes Aragon Rogelio
• Cortes Espinosa Cesar Aureliano
• Cossio Andrés Cossio
• Covelly Luz Mery
• Cruz Marcos
• Cruz Perez Orfanelly
• Cuadrados Fredy
• Cubides Caballero Nelson
• Cubides Carvajal Luis Mario
• Cubides Plazas José Gilbert
• Cubillos Gabriel
• Cuervo Rojas Julio
• Cuesta Asprilla Felix
• Cujas Oscar

D
• Dalde Beni
• Dangond Noguera Julio Jose
• Daniels Mattos José David
• Daza Heder
• Daza María Clemencia
• Daza Bermudez Elias
• Daza Diaz Marcela
• De La Cruz Hermes
• De La Ossa De La Ossa Jhon Jairo
• De La Rosa Jorge Luis
• De La Torre Carlos
• De Las Aguas Manga Sebastian Segundo
• De Los Rios Vela José Ignacio
• Delbasto Francisco
• Delgado Argote Harvey
• Delgado Becerra Jesus Antonio
• Devia Molinares Diana Carolina (Venezuelan)
• Diad Basil Julieth
• Diaz Jhon Jairo
• Diaz William
• Diaz Luis
• Diaz Luis Antonio
• Díaz Eduardo
• Diaz Beltrán Wilson
• Díaz Camacho Luz Eneida
• Diaz Cardenas Rodrigo
• Diaz Cifuentes Oswaldo
• Diaz Diaz Ariel
• Diaz Gaitan Henry Noe
• Diaz Garcia Ramon
• Diaz Gomez José Nicolas
• Diaz López Nelson
• Diaz Montoya Felipe
• Diaz Prada Rafael
• Diez Carlos Mario
• Diez Orozco Carlos Mario
• Diviayo Rafael
• Domico Honorio
• Domico Delio
• Domico Uldarico
• Domico Angel
• Domico Teofan
• Domico Jarupia José Angel
• Domico Pernia Kimi
• Dominguez Jorge
• Dominguez Peña Yury Andrea
• Donato William
• Doria Romero Pablo
• Doria Romero Edgar
• Duarte Olida Sofia
• Duarte Carlos José
• Duarte Salomon
• Duarte Valero Edgar Yesid
• Dueñas Carlos Julio
• Duque Jaramillo John Jairo
• Duque Mazo Gabriel
• Duque Meza Jairo
• Duque Silva José Farith
• Durán John Jairo
• Duran Rodriguez Javier Alonso

E
• Echarri Antonio
• Echavarria Velez Jhonny Alexander
• Echeverri Ramiro
• Echeverri Arboleda Eliseo
• Echeverri Mejia Gilberto
• Echeverria Castro José Alejandro
• Echeverry Perez Cristina
• Echeverry Sánchez Ramiro
• Elias Gomez Ana Luisa
• Eltawin Erez
• Escobar Mejia Ana Joaquina Maria Estela
• Escobar Rotabista Fernando
• Escobar Velez Carlos Hernan
• Escorcia Antonio
• Espejo Luis Alejandro
• Espinoza Hernandez Jairo
• Espitia Luis Ernesto
• Estrada Mateo
• Estrada Cadavid Juan Diego
• Estrada Jimenez Octavio

F
• Fadul Bernal Hernando
• Fandiño Adonaldo
• Fandiño Chavez Edinsón
• Fandiño Guarnizo Cesar
• Fernandez Solarte Solarte James Fabian
• Fernandez Quessep Alvaro
• Fernandez Solarte Juan Sebastian
• Fernando George
• Fernando Sanmiento Jhon Carlos
• Ferro Fernández José
• Ferro Pinilla Adriano
• Fino Ricardo
• Flechas Estrada Jhon Jairo
• Flores Fernando
• Flores Adolfo
• Flórez Uldarico
• Florez Florez José Francisco
• Florez Rueda, Eduardo
• Folleco Ahumada Segundo Peregrino
• Fontalvoprietoprieto Jorge Eduardo
• Forero Wilfredy
• Forero Carrero José Libardo
• Forero Rivera Diego Mario
• Franco Carlos Julio
• Franco Bernal Octavio
• Fredy Olvani Gallo Jurado
• Freiver Vives Walter
• Fuentes Camacho Carlos Humberto

G
• Gaitan William
• Galindo Dionisio
• Gallego Miller Lady
• Gallego Giraldo Luis Carlos
• Galvan Juan Guillermo
• Galvis Jaimes José Maria
• Galvis Mendez Dayra De Jesus
• Gaona Nubia
• Garavito Martinez Maria Amparo
• Garaviz De Sanchez Luz Estella
• Garay Manuel
• Garbache Ramos Gabriel
• Garcia Luis Carlos
• Garcia Jesús Antonio
• Garcia Juan Carlos
• Garcia Vicente
• García Miriam
• Garciaaguilaraguilar Alvaro
• Garcia Andrade Jorge
• Garcia Arias Diego Alonso
• Garcia Arrieta Rafael Eduardo
• Garcia De Cortes Margarita Del Socorro
• García Giraldo Carlos Alberto
• García Gómez Carlos Eugenio
• García Gómez Héctor Fabio
• Garcia Guillen Cesar Augusto
• Garcia Lopez Jorge Luis
• Garcia Lopez Reinaldo
• Garcia Martín Jhon Carlos
• García Mosquera John Freddy
• Garcia Oñate Jorge Luis
• Garcia Oviedo Antonio José
• Garcia Puentes Julio Alexander
• Garcia Restrepo Hernan
• Garcia Toro Ramiro
• Garcia Vargas Alberto Elias
• Garzon Marina
• Garzon Cortes Fredy Helbert
• Gaviria Jaime
• Gechen Turbay Jorge Eduardo
• Gercia Simons Julio Cesar
• Gerena Mateus Helmer Eliecer
• Ghazal Houman Khaled
• Gil Vallejo Mario De Jesus
• Giral Panesso Dorian Alberto
• Giraldo José
• Giraldo Aristizabal José Absalon
• Giraldo Cadavid Francisco Javier
• Giraldo Giraldo Luis Ernando
• Giraldo Hernández Benjamín
• Giraldo Herrera Manuel
• Giraldo Hincapie Jose Rodrigo
• Gloria Alexandra Múnera
• Gnecco José
• Gomez Joel
• Gomez Clara
• Gomez Juan
• Gomez Andres
• Gomez Rolando
• Gomez Aider
• Gomez Ruben Dario
• Gómez Elvia
• Gomez Agudelo Jesus M
• Gomez Alvarado Victor Manuel
• Gómez Avila Ledis Yohelis
• Gomez Cona Carlos Palacio
• Gomez Galeano Moises
• Gomez Galindo Benjamin
• Gomez Mejia Jonh Jairo
• Gomez Mendoza Damian
• Gomez Porras Armando
• Gomez Ramirez Julio Cesar
• Gómez Rodríguez Sandro Hernando
• Gomez Salcedo Carlos Alberto
• Gomez Santos Juan Carlos
• Gonsálves Marc (American)
• Gonzalez Karen
• Gonzalez Jhon Alexander
• Gonzalez Jairo
• Gonzalez Cristobal
• Gonzalez Rosendo
• González Gustavo
• González Luis Teodoro
• González Adán
• Gonzalez Campuzano Mariano De Jesús
• González De Perdomo Consuelo
• Gonzalez Diaz Rafael
• Gonzalez Espitia Luis Felipe
• Gonzalez Garcia Alberto
• González García Alberto
• Gonzalez Giraldo Aristobulo
• Gonzalez Ibarra Jorge Eliecer
• Gonzalez Murillo Jose Dorance
• Gonzalez Pimienta Luz Rocio
• González Posada Carlos Alberto
• Gonzalez Rojas Sandra Marisol
• Gonzalez Sandoval Heliodoro
• Gonzalez Velilla Termutis Del Carmen
• Grajales Romo Holger Zagalo
• Granada Pinzon Eliecer
• Granados Monroy Maria Ines
• Greco Irma
• Grisales Jiménez José Elí
• Guaran Roberto
• Guerra Jairo Miguel
• Guerra González Marco Aurelio
• Guerra Jimenez Ibeth
• Guerrero Eliseo
• Guerrero Edwin Ferney
• Guerrero Gutierrez Francisca
• Guevara Julián Hernesto
• Guevara Quintero Osiris Yovanna
• Guillen Tabares Henry
• Guisto Gabriels
• Gutierrez Abelardo
• Gutiérrez Tulia
• Gutierrez Patiño Leonardo Fabio
• Gutierrez Reza Jorge
• Gutierrez Suarez Pedro Manuel
• Gutiérrez Urdaneta Randolfo
• Guy Ido Joseph

H
• Hansen Heiner
• Henao Gustavo
• Henao Barco Luis Bernardo
• Henao Vallejo Sergio Alonso
• Henderson John (American)
• Hernandez Eugenio
• Hernandez Jorge Augusto
• Hernández Alberto
• Hernández Gloria María
• Hernández Diego Fernando
• Hernández Diego Fernando
• Hernandez Alvarez Henry Samuel
• Hernández Benitez Henry
• Hernández Calle Juan Carlos
• Hernandez Cardona Ivan
• Hernandez Estrada Daniel
• Hernandez Fernandez Antonio José
• Hernández Guanga. Luis Orlando
• Hernandez Hernandez Gabriel Horacio
• Hernández Hernández Carlos Alberto
• Hernandez Pineda Jorge
• Hernández Rivas Elkin
• Hernandez Torres Luis Esteban
• Hernando Rojas Vinasco
• Herrera Guillermo
• Herrera Amaya Alcides De Jesús
• Herrera Pinto José Elias
• Hincapie Duque Carlos Alberto
• Hincapie Vasquez Jorge Leon
• Hinojosa Vence Ismael
• Holguín Acosta Néstor
• Holguín Acosta Néstor
• Holguin Cuervo Arley Alberto
• Howes Tom (American)
• Hoyos Salcedo Jairo Javier
• Huertas Quintero Isidoro
• Huertas Silva Salvador
• Hurtado Pedro Jesús
• Hurtado Gonzalez Jairo Alfredo

I
• Ibarra Pimentel Gabriel
• Indaburu Ana Teodora
• Infante Luis Antonio
• Infante Juan Maria
• Infante Ortega Otoniel
• Iregui Carrillo Camilo

J
• Jaimes Humberto
• Jara Alan
• Jaramillo Norberto
• Jaramillo Jorge Sigifredo
• Jaramillo Gabriel Humberto
• Jaramillo Alvarez Juan Diego
• Jaramillo Barrios Eduard
• Jaramillo Monsalve William
• Jaramillo Montoya Juilo César
• Jaramillo Sierra Carlos Humberto
• Jerez Capacho Alfonso
• Jimenez Pablo Emilio
• Jimenez Durango Alberto
• Jurado Rios Leonardo Fabio

L
• Lancheros Bueno Maria Emilia
• Landazabal Hurtado Luz Helena
• Lasso Orlando
• Lasso Monsalve Cesar Augusto
• Lastra Laureano
• Leguizamon Parra Blas Ignacio
• Lemon Vallestas Roque
• Leon Maria Eloisa
• León Castillo José Alberto
• Leon Torres Belkis Zoraida
• León Villaciés Eduardo Ignacio
• Leyton Padilla José
• Lizarazo Victor Manuel
• Lizcano Oscar Tulio
• Llerena García Carlos
• Loaiza Luis Eduardo
• Londoño Samuel
• Londoño Hernan
• Londoño Evelio
• Londoño Camargo Ivan Dario
• Londoño Cañas Leonardo
• Londoño Gomez Claudia Constanza
• Londoño Lopez Diana Patricia
• Londoño Rico Carlos Mario
• Londoño Soto Luis Felipe
• Lopez José Demetrio
• Lopez Mario
• Lopez Andres
• Lopez Nesto
• López Narcizo
• López Holbert
• López Henry
• López Henry
• López Angel Belitza Pilar
• Lopez Arcos Willam Miguel
• Lopez Cely Rafael Enrique
• Lopez Coronado Karen
• Lopez Cruz Alba
• Lopez Duque Carlos Mario
• Lopez Echeverry Robinson
• Lopez Gonzalez Dora Elizabet
• Lopez Ramos Arturo
• Lopez Rojas Oscar Alberto
• Lopez Salazar Abelardo
• López Tobón Sigifredo
• Losada Montenegro José Arbelay
• Lotero Barrientos Joel
• Lothar Burkhard Hintze (German)
• Lozada Anibal
• Lozada Suarez José Luis
• Lozano Eduardo
• Lucuara Segura Hector
• Lugo Primelles René

M
• Macias Villalba Hernando
• Madrid Álvarez Rafael
• Malagon Castellanos Raymundo
• Maldonado Alvaro
• Malo Guido
• Malo Ramirez Mario Alfonso
• Manga Alexander
• Mantilla Nelson Omar
• Mantilla Pedro Ivan
• Mantilla Miller Xiomara
• Mantilla Pedro Ivan
• Marín Luis Gonzaga
• Marín Amparo
• Marín De Salazar María Consuelo
• Marin Franco Mario Alberto
• Marin Muñoz José Leonel
• Marin Villalva Gildardo
• Mariño Granados Luis
• Márquez Díaz Enrique
• Marroquín Cruz Edwin
• Martinez Nelson
• Martinez Edwin Raul
• Martinez Andres
• Martinez Esneider
• Martínez José Libio
• Martínez Edwin Raul
• Martinez Caceres Ilia Dorada
• Martínez Gómez José William
• Martinez Herrera Javier
• Martínez Parra Pavel José
• Martinez Pinedo Domingo
• Martínez Quiñones Mabel
• Martinez Romero Wilson De Jesús
• Martinez Tarache Carlos Alirio
• Martinez Valaidez Tony Alberto
• Martinez Zabaleta Manuel Antonio
• Marulanda Valencia José Ricardo
• Matarife Deivis
• Mayer Arce Diana Carolina
• Mazo Muñoz Carlos Alberto
• Medina Cabezas Wilmer Orlando
• Medina Camelo Hernando
• Medina Hernandez Jairo
• Medina Hidrobo Hildes
• Medina Hinestrosa Patricia
• Medina Lopez Lorenzo
• Medina Rojas Helka Gisela
• Mejia Aurelio
• Mejia Jesús Alfonso
• Mejía José Rodolfo
• Mejía Araújo Mireya
• Mejia Garcia Hugo
• Mejia Isaza Diego
• Mejia Moreno Jorge Ivan
• Mejia Ramirez Carlos
• Mejia Salazar Consuelo
• Mejia Velandia Felipe
• Mejía Vélez José Gustavo
• Mejore Mariano
• Mena Antonio
• Mena Yesid
• Mendez Wilmer
• Mendez Cardenas Jorge Alberto
• Mendez Dagua Fabian Alexis
• Mendez Mendoza Ingrid Isabel
• Mendez Meza Henry
• Mendez Passu Libardo
• Méndez Vela Juan Carlos
• Mendieta Luis
• Mendieta Avendaño Jose Eduardo
• Mendoza Nancy
• Mendoza Daza Joaquin Guillermo
• Meneses Garcia Claudio
• Meneses Neira Ángel María
• Menez Angel
• Mercado Lara Franklin
• Mercado Saavedra Jorge Andres
• Meriño Algarin Waldir
• Mesa Lopera Adolfo Leon
• Milano Marin Oscar Ivan
• Mina Perez Oscar
• Minana Stephanie
• Miranda Luis Alfonso
• Miranda Julio
• Mojica Benitez Gilberto
• Molano Sabogal Helmer Audrey
• Molano Sanchez Rafael Antonio
• Molina Garcia Julian Andres
• Molina Manrique Arturo
• Mona Rafael
• Moncayo Cabrera Pablo Emilio
• Monrron Echeverria Tomas Vicente
• Montenegro Lievano
• Montenegro Cuesta William Antonio
• Montenegro Llanos Justo
• Montenegro Martínez Willinton
• Montenegro Mendoza Alfredo De Jesús
• Monterroza Nadjar Antonio
• Montes Edilberto
• Montoya Gloria Maria
• Montoya Ancízar
• Montoya Baena Alvaro De Jesus
• Montoya Leyton Ricardo
• Montufar Andrade Harold
• Mora Yenny Suleydi
• Mora Carlos Hoover
• Mora Pedronel
• Mora Milton
• Mora Salvador
• Mora Torres Juan Camilo
• Mora Ubaque Jhon Harold
• Morales Acosta José Isidro
• Morales Jiménez Jedys
• Morales Ramirez Jose Narciso
• Moreno Luz Amparo
• Moreno Reynaldo
• Moreno Álvaro
• Moreno Julia
• Moreno Wilfredo
• Moreno Juan Pablo
• Moreno Acevedo Luis Arturo
• Moreno Carrasco Leonardo Enrique
• Moreno Castrillon Juan
• Moreno Chaguezá Luis Alfredo
• Moreno Osorio Carlos Julio
• Moreno Parra Roberto
• Moreno Rios Matias
• Mosquera Alvarado
• Mosquera Ramón
• Mosquera Luis
• Mosqueraramosramos Belisario
• Mosquera Mena Geisson Arley
• Motañes Roa Dario Urbey
• Mublled Muvdi José
• Müller Rosner Francisco
• Muñeton Hernan Dario
• Muñeton Montilla Blanca Emilse
• Muñoz Gilberto Muñoz
• Muñoz Dídier Arley
• Muñoz Morales Jose Ferney
• Muñoz Rodríguez Jorge Enrique
• Muñoz Rojas Lino De Jesús
• Murcia Espitia Arnoldo
• Murillo David
• Murillo Ramirez Andres Ramiro
• Murillo Sánchez Enrrique
• Muvdi Yabra

N
• N. Javier
• Nadjar Benavides Elkin
• Narvaez Jaramillo Jorge Ivan
• Narváez Reyes Juan Carlos
• Neira Escobar German
• Neira Pimienta José De Dios
• Neisa Castiblanco José
• Nevardo Posada Uber
• Nieves Charris Gustavo Isaac
• Nieves Quesada Rolando
• Niño Sonia
• Niño Rafael
• Noguera Edgar Camilo
• Noreña Fabio Nelson
• Nuñez Sanabria Rodolfo
• Nuñez Sarmiento Reinaldo

O
• Obregon Uriel
• Obregon Garrido Johana
• Ocampo Luis Angel
• Ocampo Avila Pedro Pablo
• Ocampo Diaz Jose Obed
• Ochoa Carlos
• Ochoa Forero Jesus Adonai
• Ochoa Nuñez Manuel Maria
• Ochoa Sepulveda Magnolia
• Ohayan Orcaz
• Ojalvo Jorge
• Ojeda Óscar
• Olarte De Gutierrez Mercedes
• Olaverde Neira Winston Javier
• Olaya Ismael
• Olaya Alirio
• Olmedo Castrillón Jorge
• Ordoñez Herbey
• Orjuela Caballero Jaime
• Orozco Nacianceno
• Orozco Grisales Nacianceno
• Orrego Álvarez David
• Ortega Fernando
• Ortega Noriega Rene Enrique
• Ortiz Luis Albeiro
• Ortiz Arcadio
• Ortiz Luis
• Ortiz Ligia María Ortiz
• Ortiz Efren
• Ortíz Germán
• Ortiz Camacho Hugo Ignacio
• Ortiz Guzman Jose
• Osorio Fabián
• Osorio Hector Iván
• Osorio Mantilla Alberto
• Osorio Mendoza Hector Hely
• Osorio Villamizar Ismael
• Ospina Oswaldo
• Ospino Sandra
• Otálvaro Otálvaro Cayetano
• Ovidio De Gomez Yolis Del Carmen
• Ovidio Sierra Hernando
• Oviedo Bertel Deivis Manuel

P
• Pacheco Miguel Antonio
• Pacheco Santander
• Pacheco Yeimi
• Pacheco Florez Roque
• Pacheco Iglesias Miguel Angel
• Paez Oscar
• Paez Muñoz Jairo Anibal
• Paez Tipazoca Luis Ernesto
• Paez Torre Nelson Humberto
• Palacios Joaquin
• Palacios Emilio
• Palacios Alejandro
• Palacios Moreno Willinton
• Palacios Paez Nelson
• Palencia Palencia Benito
• Palma Sarazo Mauricio
• Palomino Sanchez Alejandro
• Pamplona María Elizabeth
• Panesso Cardona Jose Ricaute
• Panqueva Merchan Alison Andrea
• Pantoja Marcos
• Pantoja Urbano Fabio Antonio
• Parides Jaminor
• Parra Shirley
• Parra Arias Isauro Evelio
• Parra Avila Wilson
• Parra Montoya Eugenio
• Patermina Hunter
• Patiño Aydé
• Patiño Eduardo
• Patiño Rodriguez Oscar Martín
• Patiño Salazar Jose Edilson
• Pava Juan
• Payares De Armas Guillermo
• Pazos Gomajoa Jhon Richard
• Pedraza Calderon Hugo
• Peláez Torres Martha Lucía
• Peña Victor
• Peña César Dario
• Peña Luz Dary (Venezuelan)
• Peña Bonilla Luis Hernando
• Peña Cardenas Gloria Esther
• Peña Gonzalez Wilson
• Peña Guarnizo José Gregorio
• Peña Marco Fidel
• Peña Medina Juan Carlos
• Peña Sanchez Carlos Alirio
• Peña Walteros Tomas Vicente
• Pequeña Cosita
• Peralta Zubieta Joaquin
• Perea Orejuela Leider Dario
• Perez Alcira
• Pérez Elkin
• Pérez Luis Javier
• Pérez Edinson
• Perez Bonilla Luis Eladio
• Perez De Arco Jose
• Perez Monsalve Mauricio Antonio
• Perez Osorio Fabiola
• Pérez Pérez Jaime Darío
• Perez Reyes Oscar Mauricio
• Perez Rodriguez Floriberto
• Perez Rodriguez Guillermo
• Pérez Ruiz José Norberto
• Perez Salazar Nicanor
• Perez Sanchez Fabio
• Pérez Tapias Luís
• Pérez Vargas Alberto
• Perez Yepes Luis
• Pernía Domicó Kimy
• Pertuz Fabian
• Picon Israel
• Piedra Juan Fernando
• Pietro Pietro Elvis De Jesús
• Pineda Ramon Alfonso
• Pino Córdoba Gildardo
• Pino Cuetia Cipriano
• Pino Ruiz Natalia Andrea
• Pinto Velez Viviana
• Pinzón Fredy
• Pinzón Azuero Carlos Onofre
• Plata Sonia
• Polanco Germán Darío
• Polanco Arroyo William
• Polanco De Losada Gloria
• Polanco Perdomo Aminta
• Polania Martha Cecilia
• Polania Montenegro Humberto
• Polo Ronald
• Posada Arias Juan Carlos
• Potosí Chamorro José Guillermo
• Prado Alexander
• Prado Conde Ramiro
• Prieto Piñeros Edwin
• Priter Fragoso William Alfonso
• Prueba Carlos
• Puentes José Octavio
• Puentes Edwin Yesid

Q
• Quevedo Rivas Julio
• Quintero Camelo Jairo Adolfo
• Quintero Herrera Alberto
• Quintero Vargas Edgar
• Quiroz Gaviria Cristian Camilo
• Quiroz Goez Carlos Alberto

R
• Ramirez Francisco
• Ramirez Nelson
• Ramirez Ruben Dario
• Ramirez Cesar Augusto
• Ramirez Gilberto
• Ramírez Catalina
• Ramírez Julio
• Ramirez Castaño Ruben Dario
• Ramirez De Valle Cesar Augusto
• Ramirez Jimenez Ariel Alonso
• Ramirez Trujillo Fernando
• Ramos Hermogenes
• Ramos Pablo Emilio
• Ramos De Espinosa Cecilia
• Ramos Quiroz Alberto
• Rangel Silva Alberto
• Rapckovich John Alejandro
• Raves Nancy Del Socorro
• Ravotty Gianluigi Yhanny (Italian)
• Reales Mercado Jaime
• Rebolledo Bladimir
• Redondo Mindiola Cielo
• Rendon Luis Fernando
• Renteria Hemerito
• Restrepo Mauricio
• Restrepo Rigoberto
• Restrepo José Jhovany
• Restrepo Salvador
• Restrepo Escobar Fabio
• Restrepo Gómez Argiro
• Restrepo Lopez Omar
• Restrepo Mejia Luis Guillermo
• Restrepo Mejia Oscar Emilio
• Restrepo Mejia Camilo Alberto
• Restrepo Montoya Luis Gonzalo
• Restrepo Ponton Pedro
• Restrepo Valencia Javier
• Reyes Aguilar Victor Alfonso
• Reyes Cadena William Alfonso
• Reyes Garcia Oswaldo
• Reyes Plazas Diana
• Reyes Restrepo José Fanor
• Riaño Diaz José Nicodemus
• Riascos Jorge Alejandro
• Ricardo Enrique Diaz Reyes
• Rincon Castaño José Alberto
• Rincon Lara Luis Ernesto
• Rincon Mosquera Hernan
• Rincon Pulido José Constantino
• Rincon Quesada Leonardo
• Rincon Trigo Ricardo
• Ríos Julio Cesar
• Rios Clavijo Arnubio
• Rios De Calderon Maria Edilma
• Rios Zorrilla Mario Arturo
• Rivera Guillermo Ramón
• Rivera Mestizo Bernardo
• Riveros José
• Roa Tovar Yesid
• Robles Rivera John
• Rodeiro Juan Francisco
• Rodriguez Ninfa
• Rodriguez Juan Sebastian
• Rodriguez Luis Alberto
• Rodriguez Elena
• Rodríguez Fabio
• Rodriguez Anzola Cristian Mauricio
• Rodríguez Caro Ismael
• Rodriguez Castro Alejandro José
• Rodriguez Corrales Jainyenezenez
• Rodriguez De La Cruz Viviana Cristina
• Rodriguez Diaz Timoteo
• Rodriguez Garcia Clara Ines
• Rodriguez Jaimes Margarita
• Rodríguez López Pedro
• Rodriguez Martinez Wilfredo
• Rodríguez Martínez Isabel
• Rodriguez Pardo Ricardo
• Rodriguez Perdomo Wilson
• Rodriguez Perez Guillermo
• Rodríguez Porras Javier Vianey
• Rodríguez Sebeniche Rogelio
• Rodriguez Urbano Robiro
• Rodríguez Vitola Dubis
• Rois Daza Enrique José
• Rojas Clara
• Rojas Cortes Osnel Gilberto
• Rojas Gonzalez Gonzalo
• Rojas Leon Julio Cesar
• Rojas Medina Wilson
• Rojas Rincon Pablo Enrique
• Rojas Tierradentro Juan
• Rojas Torres Wilfredo
• Rojas Varón Jaime
• Rojas Zamudio Benjamin
• Roldan Sanchez Juan Fernando
• Román Iván Darío
• Román Francisco Antonio
• Romero Erasmo
• Romero José Useiel
• Romero Luis Elvis
• Romero Luis Angel
• Romero Gomez Eliceth
• Romero Gutierrez Julieth Alexandra
• Romero Lievano Roberto
• Romero Silva Martha Ballole
• Romero Silva Luz Amanda
• Romero Vega Eliecer
• Roncancio Afanador Luisy
• Rosas Sánchez Oscar Donald
• Rubiano Garzón Edgar
• Rubio Alfonso Arquimedes
• Rubio Cardenas Jorge
• Rueda Ronaldo
• Rueda Bedoya Benjamin
• Rueda Campo Alfonso
• Ruiz Ramón
• Ruiz Alvear Alexis Antonio
• Ruiz Barbosa Franklin
• Ruiz Ibañez Eli
• Ruíz Vélez Karina
• Ruiz Zapata María Cristina
• Rumbo Barros Antonio
• Russi Puentes Alfonso

S
• Sabogal Rubiel
• Sacadaguí Cermeño Bejamín
• Saens Paola Andrea
• Saenz Lozano Cristian Camilo
• Saenz Saenz Nestor Hernando
• Salas Cardona Jhon Jaime
• Salazar Juan Carlos
• Salazar Rubén
• Salazar Garcés Samuel Antonio
• Salazar Perez José De Jesús
• Salazar Riaño Jaime
• Salazar Salas Ricardo
• Salazar Trujillo Amadeo
• Saldaña Galvis Said Antonio
• Saldarriaga García Francisco
• Salem Villamil Mahmud
• Salgado Vuelvas Alberto Vicente
• Salinas Rodríguez Álvaro
• Samaca Fuquene Marco Aurelio
• Sanabria Castillo Hermes
• Sanabria Cuellar Julio Alberto
• Sanabria Gomez Ever
• Sanchez Jhon Fredy
• Sánchez Donaldo
• Sanchez Galvis Fredy Yesid
• Sanchez Gardel Rolando
• Sanchez Gomez Hugo Alberto
• Sánchez López Arnulfo
• Sanchez Monsalve Dagoberto
• Sanchez Novoa Luz Yolanda
• Sanchez Ochoa Robert
• Sánchez Perdomo Juan Carlos
• Sánchez Reyes Jaime
• Sandoval Garzon Alfredo
• Sandoval Garzón Hernándo
• Sandoval Siabato Edgar
• Santacruz Aidé Rosalba
• Santamaria Arango Luis Carlos
• Santana Eduardo
• Santana Perez Wilmer
• Santana Perez Luis
• Santana Perez Fernando
• Sarmiento Mantilla José Daniel
• Sayas Flores Ariel
• Scarpetta Maldonado Eusebio
• Segura Lasso Ana Rosa
• Serna Trejos Doris Patricia
• Serrano Gustavo
• Serrano Alexis
• Serrano José Luis Rodolfo
• Severino Gonzalez Alfonso Jose
• Sgrena Giuliana
• Sierra Gaitan Luis Carlos
• Sierra García Joaquín Emilio
• Sierra Monroy Ana Irene
• Sierra Sierra José Trinidad
• Sierra Uribe Eduardo Alberto
• Silgado Castro Diego
• Silgado Contreras José Del Carmen
• Silva Duque James
• Silva Sanchez Harbey
• Solarte José Belisario
• Soler Nubia
• Soler Martinez José David
• Solozarno Guillermo Javier
• Soto V Eduard Fabian
• Stansell Keith (American)
• Sterling Calderón Luis Roberto
• Sterling Rojas Angel Maria
• Stocker Joseph
• Suarez Adolfo
• Suarez Antonio
• Suárez Ezequiel
• Suarez Arena Fernando
• Suárez De Cruz Carmenza
• Suarez Molina Miguel
• Suárez Ospina Mauricio

T
• Taborda Echavarría Santiago Andrés
• Taborda Jaramillo Luis Angel
• Tamayo Andres Francisco
• Tamayo Mesa Orlando Alonso
• Tapasco Rangel Alirio
• Télles Fabio
• Tenorio Sanclemente Rogerio
• Tolosa Luis Gabriel
• Tonguino Paul Enrrique
• Torres Rodrigo
• Torres Eliecer
• Torres Maria Inocencia
• Torres Ascencio Jorge Enrique
• Torres Bonilla Cecilia
• Torres Rodriguez Carlos
• Torres Rojas Oscar Orlando
• Torres Silva Guillermo
• Torres Velasco Parmenio
• Torres Zea Roger
• Tovar Yesid
• Tovar Nohora Sthela
• Tovar Julio
• Tovar Lozano Jorge
• Tovar Soler Luis Orlando
• Triana Ayala Omar
• Triana Mahecha Alirio
• Trillos Criado Armando Orlando
• Troncoso Troncoso Jorge Julio
• Trujillo Molano Eduardo
• Trujillo Solarte Jorge

U
• Ugarte De Quijada Elsa
• Ulfe Oscar Alfredo
• Ulloa Padilla Ramiro
• Ulpacue Adilson
• Urán Carlos Darío
• Urbano Barroso Holman
• Urbano Florez Richard Orlando
• Ureña José Manuel
• Uribe Omar
• Uribe Luis Alberto
• Uricochea Corena Jose Pablo
• Uscategui Jose Rafael

V
• Valbuena Méndez Jaime
• Valbuena Méndez Juan Pablo
• Valbuena Sanchez Saúl
• Valbuena Sotelo Lina Patricia
• Valderrama Bermudez Alcira
• Valencia Falla José Albertano
• Valencia Jaramillo Guillermo Leon
• Valencia Matiz De Torres Cecilia
• Valencia Peralta Pablo Andrés
• Valencia Rincon Oscar Dario
• Valencia Rojas Luis Danilo
• Valencia Uribe Jose Antonio
• Valencia Uribe Hernando
• Vallejo Braund Mauricio
• Vallejo Garzon Walter Nelson
• Valoj Soffer Dany
• Vanegas Claudia
• Vanegas Olaya Jose Serafin
• Vanegas Ortega Maria Fernanda
• Varela Cobo Rufino
• Varela Maldonado Gabriel Enrique
• Vargas Henry
• Vargas Luisa
• Vargas Luz Dary
• Vargas Arango Sigifredo
• Vargas Claudia Patricia
• Vargas Contreras José Canon
• Vargas De Coronado Graciela
• Vargas Diaz Yefrei
• Vargas Estefan Hollman
• Vargas Jimenez Ancisar
• Vargas Peña Nelson
• Vargas Polanco Adolfo León
• Vargas Rojas Yesid
• Vargas Torres Neydy Enerie
• Vargas Vargas Elbano
• Vasconcelos Junior Joao José
• Vasquez Javier
• Vasquez Luis Pablo
• Vasquez Elkin
• Vasquez Jhon
• Vásquez Salvador
• Vásquez José Ignacio
• Vásquez Andrade María Edilma
• Vasquez Atehortua Naom Alberto
• Vasquez Mira Martin Jesús
• Vasquez Ospina José Ignacio
• Vásquez Torres Jennifer
• Vega Lina
• Vega Justo Pastor
• Vega Aragón Guillermo León
• Velasco Fandiño José Abelardo
• Velasquez Luis Carlos
• Velásquez Marco Tulio
• Velasquez Henao Climaco
• Velasquez Londoño Carlos Fernando
• Velásquez Vega Beatriz
• Velazquez Mallama Carlos Vicente
• Vera Alvarado Sebastián
• Verbel Medina Julio Hernan
• Vertel De Castillo Hernan Francisco
• Viana Gustavo
• Viancha Suárez Luis Angel
• Vidales José David
• Vides Daza Maria Ines
• Vides Salgadoides Salgado Alejandro Enrique
• Villalba Gutierrez Antonio
• Villalobos Hernandez Nielsen Alfredo
• Villamil Santander
• Villamizar Carrillo Said Alexis
• Villamizar Alvares Gabriel Roberto
• Villanueva Chacon Cesar Augusto
• Villareal Tovar Claudia Marcela
• Villarreal Maura
• Villasana Cesar Efrén
• Villegas Juan Carlos
• Villegas Alvarez Natalia
• Villegas Londoño Adriana Patricia
• Villegas Villegas Gustavo
• Vitonas Noscue Arquímedes
• Vizcaino Silva Nelson De Jesús

W
• Welgel Reinhardt
• Wiza Deisy Esperanza

Y
• Yaya Gomez Leidy Carolina
• Yépes Iván
• Yepez Martinez Gonzalo Alberto

Z
• Zabaleta Arellano José De Los Reyes
• Zambrano Renán
• Zambrano Carlos Ovidio
• Zambrano Oscar
• Zambrano German
• Zambrano Carbonel Jose Fernando
• Zapata Arrieta Gustavo
• Zapata Garcia Fabian
• Zapata López José Nicolás
• Zapata Ruiz Maria Cristina
• Zarate Polo Pedro José
• Zea De Palacios Rosa
• Zorrilla Jiménez Carlos Andres
• Zorro Meza Oscar
• Zuleta Cortes Rodrigo De Jesus
• Zuleta Rivera María Camila
• Zuluaga Quintero Darlyn Jader
• Zuñiga Frias Luis Carlos
• Zúñiga Villarreal Luis

Depth of Field:

In my daily scan of BBC News, I spotted a story about a holographic display device. It is noteworthy because it is reusable, and apparently can be driven by input from a control device to show multiple images in fast succession. There is some buzz about this as potential for another try at 3-D TV, but given that it is currently only monochromatic, and has a slow refresh rate for TV images, it has some way to go.

The positives are that we are much better now at getting laser light in multiple colours - the Blu-Ray explosion being our shortest wavelength mass-produced example, so there is technical know-how out there for an RGB attempt.

I bet this will produce some killer headaches for spectators...

The story caught my eye because as a high school project in the late 1970's, I produced holographic images at the Ontario Science Centre. Don Cooper and I spent hours trying to make sure no stray light from the two laser beams made it onto the emulsion plate, so I can attest to the difficulty of doing these properly. I forget the scientists' name who supervised, but he was an elderly Hungarian, and I can still hear him saying "light goes from heersh, to thersh." It was a lot of effort for a single image on a piece of rather thick film, which could never be reused.

The story also caught my attention because every once in a while, I find an image that is strangely three-dimensional. Have a look at the following image from the BBC site:

Now I'm not sure what it is supposed to be, but I found that if I gazed at the center-lower glint for a bit, suddenly I got a 3-D sensation. I'm not quite sure what causes this. I have some slides that do this too, even when projected.

HUD? That's so old-fashioned...

There's a group at the University of Washington that is working out how to make contact lenses with video displays inside them. No, really. They have the circuits, the display, the antennae (power and signal) all integrated into the lens itself. Here's a picture of one:

You know how the robots in Terminator scan objects and get data on what is in their field of vision? You could have that too:

Subject: Johnny Fairplay
Note: He owes you $1,500
Last Encounter: Jan 5, 2008 - ran like a cockroach

or

Target: 325 yards
Wind: 15 knots, steady from L
Elevation: -24 feet
Club: Big Bertha

or

Sex: Female
Height: 5'6"
Waist: hard to tell, negligee is in the way
Chances: 1000 to 1 with lens in, 2 to 1 without

The group, led by Babak Parviz, a UW EE prof, has succeeded in integrating the materials and the manufacturing processes for two very different products - a very soft gel for ophthalmic uses and highly flexible substrates for circuits. No human has yet tried them out (that they will admit to), but several rabbits have been subjected to 20 minute sessions of wearing them.

My question is about focus: whenever anything is floating about on my cornea, it is definitely not in focus, so how is the eye going to see anything but a blurry dot? Maybe the LEDs are focused on the retina somehow?

We take another baby step towards our machine future. Skynet will exist, resistance is futile, you will obey.

In any case, the concept is very intriguing, and I can't wait for BlueTooth contacts to appear. Me first! Me first!

It's not the symptoms, doc, it's the side effects..

You might not think that something called "Restless Leg Syndrome" (RLS) is all that serious, but for those of us that suffer from it, it is a major pain in the... well, the leg.

If I don't get to sleep early enough, I risk lying awake with RLS, wanting to rip my leg off and beat it against the wall. This basically means a night with really, really crappy sleep, which everyone can agree is miserable.

So when adverts come on the TV for things that I have (or think I have, as my wife points out), I pay attention. I'm not happy that I'm paying more and more attention to these adverts as I age, but that's another post about sampling frequency...

There is a product called Requip by GlaxoSmithKlein for treatment of RLS, and one of the side effects quickly stated at the end of the TV advert really caught my attention: "Also tell your doctor if you or your family notices that you develop any unusual impulses or behaviors, such as pathological gambling or hypersexuality," and later: "Most patients were not bothered enough to stop taking Requip."

Duh. Of course I'm not going to be bothered enough if I have pathological needs for gambling and sex.

Hmm. I think I'll stick with beating my leg against the wall, thanks.

Summoning Angels

While I was at college, I lived in a dorm where most of the beds were elevated on A-frames to within a couple of feet of the ceiling. This was done to allow more space within rooms, since they were quite small to start with. One night, during my freshman year, I fell asleep in my bed while my room-mate worked at his desk, tucked below his bed at his desk on the opposite side of the room.

I remember dreaming that I had found a very old piece of vellum with what appeared to be an Enochian Chant written on it. These chants were used in the Middle Ages to summon angels, and are beautiful pieces of vocal composition. I began to sing the chant (confirming that this was a dream, because I cannot read music, much less hold a tune). When I got to the end, I was disturbed to find that I had just sung the chant to summon Lucifer.

Sometime later, I was lying on my stomach awake in the dark, and I felt something approaching. When I picked up my head and looked, a great big bat landed on my face! With a start, I woke from that dream, to find myself back at in my room, with my room-mate's desk light still on, but with him nowhere to be found. Instead, sitting on the end of my bunk bed was a very old, wrinkled man, who held out a bony, freckled hand. He said, quite pleasantly, "Shake the hand of Satan."

I watched with amazement as my hand moved out to grasp his -- without my being able to stop it. And then it was all gone, and I woke up the next morning. I asked my room-mate whether he had noticed anything strange the night before, and when he replied that nothing had happened, I explained my dreams. He told me he had not left the room at all, and had gone to bed quite soon after I had last spoken to him, turning out his light.

I tried to convince myself that this had all meant nothing, but I did spend the next days wondering about that handshake. I had a very creepy feeling that I had just done something that would not do me very well in the near future. Luckily, nothing did happen, and I was able to file this event away under "strange (nested) dreams," but I often wonder what would have happened to me mentally had some other strange chance occurrence come to pass while I was affected.

Should I ever find out that such an Enochian Chant exists, I will be sure never to read it.

30 years ago today

Bill Gates could still smile, despite a rough day:



The reason for this third run-in with the law in New Mexico are not clear, as all records of this particular arrest have been lost.

The world could have been very different, very different.

Metrology

Earlier this year I went to a meeting at the OAS about metrology.

Metrology? Yaaaawn. Isn't the definition of units settled? Isn't that something you do in grade school?

Well, yes, and no. The study of units (metrology) mostly has to do with commerce - just as it did over two millennia ago when rulers wanted to ensure that merchants were measuring properly (and probably the motivation was not to protect the customer, but to ensure proper payment of taxes).

When you buy a thermometer, you'd like to know that it was accurate, right? Not taking your child to the hospital for an actual fever of 105 when it shows up as 103 on your thermometer could have serious repercussions. And these serious errors are out there: most thermometers in the world are made in (surprise, surprise) China. In a recent test carried out by the Uruguayan metrology lab, over 20% of the 120,000 annually imported thermometers for home use were found to be seriously defective. Similar failure rates were found for sphigmomanometers and other medical measuring equipment. (Source: Alexis Valquis, German Federal Technical and Physical Institute, PTB)

There are also cases where mismatches between standards can have large economic repercussions. The market for Canadian white paper is about $5 billion/year, with a great deal of this being in the European market. However, the North American and European 'standards' for paper 'brightness' differed by 0.5% to 1% on the same papers, and this implied an extra annual cost in bleach to Canadian mills of about $65 million to meet the European 'standard.' An intercomparison and recalibration removed the problem, which was completely artificial.

Even when you decide to use a standard from which to measure, you have to make sure you are using a common standard, since there are many different 'standards' out there. On building a bridge over the Rhine between Germany and Switzerland at Laufenberg, construction was almost finished when both sides realized there was a 54 cm height mismatch between the sides. They had known there was a 27 cm difference between the national standards, because the Swiss used the Trieste sealevel standard, while the Germans used the Amsterdam standard. However, since 54 = 27 x 2, someone forgot to check which one was actually higher than the other, and the corrections were applied in the wrong direction. You would think that two countries with such careful engineers would have caught this before it became a really expensive fix. (Source: Swiss Government website (in German))

Here's a good example of where you might be concerned (besides driving over a bridge where the sides didn't match): the amount of lead in wine. Samples from the same batch of wine were sent to labs all over the world, and the labs were asked to measure how much lead (Pb) was in the sample. Here's the spread in the reported results:

The stunning part of this is that the 10% spread is the narrow grey line, and the actual spread is well over 50%. The good news is that the national labs responsible for most of our safety got it right to within the 10% band. (Source: J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, 16, 1091–1100, DOI: 10.1039/b103248h)

But what do you do if the 'standard' is actually changing? Incredibly, this is actually happening to the kilogram. As you might expect, for a long time the standard has been an actual physical object: a platinum and iridium cylinder cast in 1889 that is kept under high security at BIPM in Paris, along with six official copies (image below). Along with the original, many duplicates were made, which were shipped off to many countries existing at the time for them to use as their national references. The availability of many duplicates allows some sophisticated statistical studies, and they have allowed the rather odd conclusion to be drawn that, despite the security, it can be reliably demonstrated that this cylinder has lost about 50 micrograms over its lifetime. This change may seem small, but it has huge implications for the metric system, since there are many other derived units which depend on the base unit of the kilogram. There are all sorts of efforts underway to define the kilogram using physics rather than a physical object, as has been done with the meter (the meter is now how far light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second, rather than the distance between two marks on a 'reference stick' kept in Paris). There is currently a struggle between two camps: one which wants to generate a new object - an ultraprecise sphere of ultrapure silicon, and the other which wants to simply agree on a specific number of Carbon-12 atoms (Source: Eurekalert article).

Another point about the metric system - there are three countries that have failed to convert: Liberia, Myanmar and the good old US of A. Good company to keep. And how do these countries define their own standards in these older units? They refer to the metric system standards, of course.

The Cactus Ball:

My wife and I walked into the grand ballroom: parquet floors gleamed under candle-laden chandeliers, white panelled walls reached high up to the ceiling. There were a few guests, but the floor was mostly occupied by... cacti.

Some of these succulents were quite tall, reaching up to our shoulders. Most were shorter, about waist high, and there were some about knee high. Most were of the columnar type. We did not spot any chollas or prickly pears. As we looked more carefully, we noticed that there were no pots. All of the cacti were in fact sitting directly on the floor, and they had no roots at all. Small buds were present at their bases, keeping them upright.

Stranger still, as we stared at this strange promenade, we noticed that the cacti were moving very, very, slowly: a stiff, prickly procession around the centre of the elegant room. It was a cactus ball.

The opposite doors opened, and we made our way through the creeping green and grey crowd towards the next room, eager to see what was next. But just as we approached the threshold, a wind started to blow, and all the candles went out at once. A dim green glow came from the ceiling, which was covered with glow-in-the-dark stars. The wind blew harder and harder, and we could see the chandeliers swinging as the air rushed around and around, like a tornado in a box. Soon, it was hard to stand, and I began to worry that we would not be able to hang on. The cacti were still stolidly moving, implacably orbiting, immune to the tempest.

Suddenly, we lost our grip, and the wind picked us up and began to push us backwards around the room. As we began to go faster, I worried that we would eventually encounter one of the cacti, and I did not look forward to a back full of spines. Of course, that encounter immediately occurred, and I shuddered as I felt the impact. Then another, and another, as we were whirled mercilessly through the needled forest.

---

And just as suddenly, the wind was gone, the candles came back up, and the doors flew open, and more guests came in at a frenetic speed. People swarmed about, moving at breakneck pace, darting here and there, as if on fast forward. I tried to speak, to look about for my wife, but I couldn't. I was now one of the cacti.

La Cucaracha

Factoid for the day: cockroaches seem to have been morphologically stable since the Carboniferous, i.e. over the last 290 to 354 million years.

Modern cockroaches are more similar to their ancient fossil ancestors than any other extant insect - except they are a lot smaller. Some cockroaches from the Permian (about 250 million years ago) were over a foot long. Wouldn't want to step on that at night - it would go like a skateboard!

I haven't seen it in the movies, but most ships in history have had very serious cockroach problems because of the lack of predators. Captain Bligh had the Bounty doused with boiling water to deal with this. We have a cockroach problem at the South Pole's Scott Base in Antarctica for the same reason.

They were among the few creatures to make it through an ancient disaster event called the Permian-Triassic boundary, where 90% to 95% of marine species went extinct, as well as 70% of all land organisms. On an individual level, perhaps as many as 99.5% of separate organisms died as a result of the event. But cockroaches made it.

Other things that made it through and became more important as a result: mosses and worts, therapsids (where we come from), and bivalves.

Leopard Applenaut

Here is an in-depth review of Apple's latest Operating System release, 10.5, or "Leopard" on Ars Technica, by John Siracusa.

Bottom line: I agree with Siracusa that the upgrade is well worth it, for the backup features of Time Machine alone. Screen Sharing for remote troubleshooting is also a great bonus. As Siracusa puts it:

If you are your family's "Mac Guy," the newfound ubiquitousness on screen sharing alone is reason enough to get everyone to upgrade to Leopard.

I have installed Leopard on my:

• big machine (a MacPro Intel DualCore, amazingly fast, no problems);
  
• on my wife's laptop (iBook G4, required an "Archive and Install," occasional freezes on wake-up now); and
  
• on my PowerBook G4 (BIG problems because my hard drive was near full before the upgrade, resulting in the "Blue Screen" after restart, eventually I had to erase everything and do a completely clean install, and then reinstall all my files and non-Apple software [gee, now where are the original CDs and the licence codes for all this??]).

Strangely, I have yet to see the intro movie which is supposed to play after the first boot into Leopard.

I have not installed Leopard yet on our iMac G5... that one gives me the jitters to do - it's a first generation iMac PowerPC chip machine that occasionally chokes on 10.4.10 Tiger, but I imagine the later iMacs will do just fine. I will take that step tonight with the knowledge that at least I do have pre-upgrade full backups of every one of these machines on a whopping big 1 Terabyte hard disk I carry around in my backpack... that disk will now settle down to a more mundane existence as the iMac's Time Machine external hard drive.

The lesson in spades: do a backup right now, for God's sake! I'm glad that my wife's business made me actually take that seriously, and set up a routine to capture all the 'mission-critical' files and applications.

Snap it!

A friend of mine writes a weekly column for the San Antonio Express-News.

This week he posted a good, brief article about how digital photography has revolutionized the ability of the general public to take professional quality photos. Not that a digital camera will make you an instant Ansel Adams, but that digital tools bring this type of quality within your reach without the monumental effort it took in the analog age to produce the ethereal beauty of Ansel Adams' pictures.

His point was illustrated beautifully by a photo taken by Andrea Ottesen, at the University of Maryland, with a simple Canon ELPH 7 Mpixel camera, which made it onto the most recent cover of AAAS's Science magazine:

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5846/1858

Sputnik 1 +50

The Space Age began fifty years ago today, but those involved at the time had little idea of how significant the event was to be.

Both the Russian and American teams involved in rocketry at the time were consumed by one overarching goal: to develop an ICBM capable of delivering an atomic bomb to enemy territory. The idea of orbiting a satellite was completely secondary, and the public reaction to the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Russians took both teams by surprise (listen to Sputnik 1).

In fact, the idea of orbiting something was only barely tolerated by the military commands in both countries. The declaration of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) for 1957-1958 was the event that stimulated sufficient political interest in the gains of being first, and was what permitted the orbital programs to go ahead.

(Click on any of the graphics to go to a page with a larger version.)

After the fall of Nazi Germany, both the USA and the USSR took as much of the V-2 rocket program home with them as they could. The USA got the cream of the crop from the test range at Peenemuende: Wernher von Braun and most of his designers, while the Soviets took much of the hardware and plans from the East at Mittelwerke, as well as von Braun's assistant, Helmut Groettrup. The photo shows the Soviet-built rocket R-2A, clearly showing its V-2 heritage, and probably composed of many parts brought from Germany. This was the first methyl alcohol fueled rocket, changed from the V-2 and R-1 ethyl alcohol motor (one reason for this shift was said to be to stop the guards from stealing the ethyl fuel to drink). The R-2A variant was used for science, rather than the military version which carried a radiological liquid dispersal weapon known as Geran. The R-2 was also the first rocket technology exported to China by the Soviets, and formed the basis of the Chinese Long March program, combined with the information from the deported US researcher and JPL co-founder Tsien Hsue-shen.

This is the "Chief Designer," Sergei Korolev, lionized posthumously by the Soviets as the father of the early successes in the Soviet space program, at the Kapustin Yar launch site in 1953. Having suffered for many years in a Siberian Gulag during Stalin's Great Terror, he was rescuscitated in the late 1940's and held great sway in the Soviet space effort until changes in the Politburo and disputes with the military led to the ascendancy of his arch-rivals, Valentin Glushko and Vladimir Chelomei. Today's Russian rocket fleet owe a great debt to the efforts of these engineers: the Soyuz to Korolev via the R-series, the Proton to Chelomei via the UR-series, and the efforts of Glushko, who provided engine designs for both families of rockets. Only with the lifting of secrecy in Russia have the efforts of the many many people involved in the program come to light, allowing many others to claim credit for their work. Korolev died early, and was never publicly recognized for his efforts.

Close-up of the 80cm aluminum alloy spherical portion of Sputnik 1. The four antennae were actually two sets of two, differing in length by a few centimeters, probably to accommodate the more efficient radiation of the two frequencies used by the on-board radio transmitter. Sputnik 1 was actually a rush job, prepared within one month because the original payloads for the R-7 were way behind schedule. The Sputnik was scoffed at by many as "Korolev's toy." The original scientific IGY payload was eventually launched as Sputnik 3.

This shot shows the scale of Sputnik as it was covered with the fairing cone of the R-7 rocket.

Frame grab from a Soviet animation of the separation of the fairing and the launch of Sputnik 1 from the booster. The small fairing can be seen on the second rocket from the left in the diagram of the multiple boosters that came from the R-7 line:

This graphic shows the evolution of the boosters from Korolev's design bureau. The R-7 was the first ICBM, launched on August 21 1957, virtually unnoticed by the world. It was at this point that the rocket lifting power (or throw weight) was sufficiently high, and the weight of the latest nuclear weapons had been decreased enough for the two to form an effective weapon and delivery system. The Vostok and Voskhod boosters carried the first man in orbit, as well as the first multiple-man crew capsules. The modern Soyuz system has clear design lines reaching back to the earliest of the R-series, and this heritage is part of the reason for the system's extremely high success rate (760 launches to date with 740 successes, per Space Launch Report), as well as its extremely low cost.

A mosaic in the main hall at the Korolev Control Centre in Moscow, showing the 'Holy Trinity' of Soviet space efforts: On the left, Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, inventor of modern rocket theory; on the right, Chief Designer Sergei Korolev; and in the centre, Yuri Gagarin, first man in space. Spectator is Mohammed Masri, from Saudi Arabia.

As Boris Chertok, one of Korolev's deputy designers, noted in a BBC interview, if it had not been for the cold war, the space race would never had occurred, and the space age would have started much later.

One other interesting feature of the Soviet first was that since the US did not object to the passage of a foreign capsule crossing over its territory, this established the principle of international uses of outer space. However a skeptic might observe that the US Corona and Midas spy satellite programs were well into their design stages, and overflight of enemy territory was a necessary condition for this first remote sensing spy program to work. In fact, this space overflight principle probably kept the Cold War from becoming 'hot' at many different points in the subsequent decades because of the ability of both powers to monitor and verify each other's treaty commitments.

Nicks and Dings:

Here's what all the fuss was about - the ding in Endeavour's belly from the ET foam strike:



The inspection of Endeavour on the KSC runway has just started.

You might ask: "How could a piece of foam do this much damage? Aren't those tiles tough?" I answered that (with a little help from a Nobel laureate) for the Columbia disaster.

Shuttle HUD views

The recent NASA TV coverage of Endeavour's landing at KSC included some live views through the heads-up display system that I had not seen before.

Here are four frame grabs from the footage that provide a nice sample of the coverage. Pay close attention to the hair raising (at least for a VFR pilot) angle of descent...



Last turn of the shuttle aligning with runway centerline.



Runway in view.



Yikes! That is damned steep. My instinct simply screams "Too high! Too high! Where the hell is the VASI?" Heh.



Final flare started, wind from the left at about 10 kts.

Mail from "Wyatt Herb"

Another sample from my daily e-mails. I think this one's serious:

"WYATT HERB"

Hi!

My name is Manu Costa, specialist in products of information on data set from tropical rainforests, skilled with wide range of expertise. I can assure you I am capable of climb up all dominat vegetables canopy, reaching over the reflective tree foliage, installing and enabling GPS software devices to supply geodesic coordinates for tracking the expeditionary surface area.

The emergent high forest in most unlikely conditions of plant biodiversity portray complex phyto-architecture, allowing treetop exploration. This flexibility potential is indicated in:

Botany collecting of blossoming and tree fruits, for inventory and taxonomy purposes, bio-prospecting of new plants species, insects, among others;
Any field routine tasks on tropical rainforest's survey, which require reaching tree's crown.

Objectives: join multi-subject ecologist teams, explorer missions, filmmaker expeditions or any other group with scientific purposes. What can be offered: working experience, dedication, competence and determination on pursuing scientific objectives.

It will be excellent if you, who is now reading this article, keep this information for future needs or forward it to whom you judge it may suit. More information about the efficiency on such procedures or references (and resume) about work, upon your request.

Success!

Manu L. Costa (Manu de Lima e Costa [manulc@uol.com.br])

So there you go. Free advertising to an enterprising fellow.

Bored? Got a few moments?

Head over to the Galaxy Zoo and do some classifying!

Learn the difference between elliptical and spiral galaxies in a few minutes with an easy tutorial, take a test, and if you qualify you can start classifying galaxies in no time at all.

You will likely be looking at images seen by no other human, and contributing to a massive effort led by English researchers at Oxford University to classify over a million galaxies. There is apparently some evidence from a sample of about 1,600 galaxies that there is a locally preferred direction of rotation, and this effort will try and confirm or refute this with a much better statistical sample using images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which reaches out far beyond the local group.

You will get pretty good at it, and quickly amass several hundred galaxies.

Here are two typical samples:


...obviously a clockwise spiral.

Here's one that's a little more difficult:


...a little less obviously another clockwise spiral.

It can get difficult:



There are some cases, like this one, where the galaxy is so far away that the image is extremely low resolution, and there is really no way to tell.

Tumbleweed

...I did not know this until today, but that bouncing symbol of the West, the tumbleweed, is actually an invasive species, brought over to North America from its native Ukraine by European immigrants in the 1800's.

I didn't know it was edible when young, either.

I just know it's prickly, and really a pain to remove after someone fills up your car and your dorm room with it (a Caltech prank). I found bits of it for months after that...

But where's Vanna?

For those of you who are Wheel of Fortune fans, here is a little toy from fd's flickr toys, which picks out random flickr photos, and has you guess the title.

The faster you guess, the more points you get. And, it's played against any others who are online at the time.

It helps to know your geography, be observant, be a quick and accurate typist, and to guess a lot.

Have fun with it: Guess

Political Science:

More nonsense about pencil-necked scientists from those savants on the Hill, via the American Institute of Physics' FYI listserv edition.

Discussing the reauthorization bill (H.R. 1867) for the National Science Foundation, there were several attempts at amendments to limit the increase in the budgets for the NSF or to at least limit the areas in which NSF was allowed to invest taxpayer moneys:

There was far more discussion about an amendment offered by Rep. John Campbell (R-CA-48): "None of the funds authorized under this section may be used for research related to seven activities such as "the accuracy in the cross-cultural understanding of others' emotions" or "archives of Andean Knotted-Sting Records." Said Campbell: "What this amendment does is it says that there are certain things upon which we should not be spending money through this bill during this time of budget deficits, stealing Social Security funds, and increasing taxes." He added, "I understand that there is a process of peer review from which these studies come in the National Science Foundation, and that's all well and good. But our job here is we are the elected representatives and stewards of the taxpayers' money, not the academics in the National Science Foundation, and it is our decision whether or not we wish to spend taxpayers' funds on studies of the social relationships and reproductive strategies of Phayre's leaf monkeys or on bison hunting on the late prehistoric Great Plains. I think we should not do that. I am sure that some believe that these are very fine academic studies. That's excellent. Within the realms of academic halls, they may think a number of things are fine academic studies. That's not the question. The question before us is, do these things rise to the standard of requiring expenditures of taxpayer funds in a time of deficits, proposed tax increases and raiding Social Security funds? I think the answer is a resounding no."

Rep. Brian Baird (D-WA-3) immediately refuted the logic of the Campbell amendment, first quoting a letter from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the similar position of the Association of American Universities. He then said, "the gentleman [Rep. Campbell] seems to suggest, it seems, that we here in the Congress, with a cursory evaluation of the abstracts from studies, should insert ourselves in the peer-review process. I wonder if the gentleman had looked at chemistry research or physics research in the same way, and do we really want to spend this body's time, and do you, sir, or you, sir, have the expertise to evaluate these studies? That's why we have a peer-review process. That's why we have a National Science Foundation. It is why we have a Science Foundation Board to direct us."

Rep. Vernon Ehlers (R-MI-3) outlined his opposition, telling his colleagues: "you can't always judge the full proposal by the title. This was evident a few years ago when we went through exactly the same charade when discussing the National Science Foundation budget. Some of my colleagues came down to the floor to amend the NSF appropriations bill, and one offered an amendment to remove grants for the study of ATM. This person gave a magnificent speech why we should not spend money at the National Science Foundation or the Department of Energy to study ATM. His argument was, let the banking industry do the research on ATMs. What he didn't know is that the proposal was not on automatic teller machines but the proposal was on studying asynchronous transfer modes, which involves the way computers talk to each other. This research led to a substantial change in the speed at which computers were able to talk to each other. This is a good example of why it is dangerous to just look at titles and make a judgment."

Sigh. Echoes of "why do we need NOAA? We have the Weather Channel to do that."

Ranking Member Vernon Ehlers (R-MI-3) is a Ph.D. physicist, one of only two Members of Congress with scientific degrees.

"Only two members of Congress hold doctorates in the sciences, both in physics: Rep. Vern Ehlers of Michigan ..., and Rep. Rush Holt [(D-NJ-12)] of New Jersey (leader of the congressional Science Coalition and former Congressional Science Fellow). Sadly, the House Science Committee and the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space are not considered high profile committees and many of the members assigned to these committees have little expertise in the broad array of scientific issues that come before them, yet they are being asked to determine the direction and funding of federal science."

(Michèle Koppes, 2004-2005 GSA-U.S. Geological Survey Congressional Science Fellow)

Rep. Brian Baird (D-WA-3) is the House Subcommittee on Research and Science Education Chairman.

Póngase las pilas!

A very useful primer on batteries, written by Isidor Buchmann, via Adam Goddard of the NewtonTalk list:

Battery University